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ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías

SECCIÓN B: CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA

Vol. 14 Núm. 2 (2022)

Caracterización del microbioma de plantas de banano (Musa × paradisiaca L.) bajo sistemas de producción orgánico y convencional

DOI
https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v14i2.2298
Enviado
mayo 15, 2021
Publicado
2022-12-12

Resumen

El cultivo de banano (Musa × paradisiaca L.) es una de las actividades agrícolas más importantes para muchos países y es la principal fruta consumida mundialmente. La fertilización química es una de las prácticas más comunes utilizada para aumentar el rendimiento y productividad de los cultivos. Una gran cantidad de literatura examina los cambios en las propiedades del suelo asociados con diferentes regímenes de fertilización. A pesar del papel fundamental del microbioma en la salud y la productividad de las plantas, los efectos de los diferentes sistemas de gestión agrícola sobre las comunidades microbianas son poco estudiados. Este estudio informa la estructura, diversidad y riqueza de la comunidad microbiana del suelo, rizosfera y hoja de las plantas de banano bajo manejo orgánico y convencional. Se obtuvieron muestras de dos plantaciones bananeras ubicadas en El Oro, una de las provincias con mayor productividad bananera en Ecuador. El análisis se basó en la secuenciación de ADN de la región V3-V4 del gen del ARNr 16S para bacterias y la región ITS2 para hongos. Se encontró un efecto significativo del sistema de manejo en la composición de la comunidad bacteriana y fúngica. En términos generales, bajo un sistema de manejo convencional, la riqueza y uniformidad de la comunidad bacteriana y fúngica aumentó entre las muestras de suelo y rizosfera en comparación con el sistema de agricultura orgánica. El suelo y la rizosfera bajo agricultura orgánica se asociaron con una mayor abundancia relativa de Proteobacteria, Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes y exhibieron una sobrerrepresentación de géneros microbianos conocidos como promotores del crecimiento de plantas, así como géneros involucrados en procesos importantes del ecosistema. También encontramos que los ASV del mismo género responden diferente a los dos tipos de manejo agrícola en el suelo y la rizosfera. Mientras que las comunidades bacterianas en las hojas fueron más similares en ambos tipos de manejo. Comprender cómo los sistemas de gestión de cultivos a largo plazo modifican la diversidad y la estructura microbiana, como se presenta en esta investigación, puede ayudar a diseñar sistemas agrícolas que puedan mantener una alta rentabilidad de los cultivos de banano mediante la estimulación de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento y supresoras de las enfermedades transmitidas por el suelo.

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