Determinación de la persistencia de compuestos perfluorinados en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales mediante LC-MS/MS
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Publicado:
jun 1, 2010
Palabras clave:
PFCs, PFOS, PFOA, adsorción, lodos de aguas residuales, LC-MS/MS, SPE
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Resumen
Los compuestos perfluorinados (Perfluorinated Chemicals, PFCs) son contaminantes emergentes que han sido utilizados por más de 50 años en una variedad de procesos industriales y en la producción de artículos de consumo humano. Los PFCs han recibido mucha atención en los últimos diez años debido a su presencia en matrices bióticas y ambientales; así como también, a reportes relacionados con su persistencia y toxicidad. Las Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTARs) municipales han sido identificadas como fuentes puntuales de PFCs según estudios recientes. En este estudio se investigó la presencia de PFCs en las descargas de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Arizona.
Un método cuantitativo basado en limpieza con ácido-extracción con solvente seguido de una limpieza-extracción en fase sólida (Solid Phase Extraction, SPE) fue exitosamente desarrollado para determinar la presencia de PFCs en matrices ambientales sólidas. Cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (Liquid Chromatography copuled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) fue utilizada para detectar y cuantificar PFCs en lodos provenientes de las PTARs. Análisis por monitoreo de iones seleccionados (Selected Ion Monitoring, SIM) se empleó para mejorar los límites de detección de los compuestos perfluorinados. Los límites de detección de los PFCs evaluados en este estudio fueron de 50 pg L-1 para sulfonato de perfluorooctano (Perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS), sulfonato de perfluorodecano (Perfluorodecane sulfonate, PFDS) y ácido perfluorodecanoico (Perfluorodecanoic acid, PFDA), y 200 pg L-1 de sulfonato de perfluorohexano (Perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFHXs) y ácido perfluorooctanoico (Perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA). PFOS (77 ± 5 ng g-1 lodo peso seco) fue el único compuesto perfluorinado detectado en los lodos provenientes de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales en Tucson, Arizona.
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Ochoa-Herrera, V. de L., Field, J. A., & Sierra-Alvarez, R. (2010). Determinación de la persistencia de compuestos perfluorinados en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales mediante LC-MS/MS. ACI Avances En Ciencias E Ingenierías, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v2i2.20
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SECCIÓN A: CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y FÍSICAS
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Citas
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[23] Moody, C. A., Hebert, G. N., Strauss, S. H., and Field, J. A. 2003. “Occurrence and persistence of perfluo- rooctanesulfonate and other perfluorinated surfactants in groundwater at a fire-training area at wurtsmith air force base, michigan, usa.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 5, 341-345.
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[30] Villagrasa, M., deAlda, M. L., and Barcelo, D. 2006. “Environmental analysis of fluorinated alkyl substances by liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry: A review.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 386, 953-972.
[31] deVoogt, P and Saez, M. 2006. “Analytical chemistry of perfluoroalkylated substances.” Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 25, 326-342.
[32] Richardson, S. D. 2008. “Environmental mass spectrometry: Emerging contaminants and current issues.” Analytical Chemistry. 80, 4373-4402.
[33] 3M 2002. “Technical data bulletin. environmental health, safety and regulatory (EHSR) profile of perfluo- robutane sulfonate (PFBS).” 3M, St Paul, MN.
[34] Martin, J. W., Smithwick, M. M., Braune, B. M., Hoeks- tra, P. F., Muir, D. C. G., and Mabury, S. A. 2004. “Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the canadian arctic.” Environmental Science & Technology. 38, 373-380.
[35] Sinclair, E., Mayack, D. T., Roblee, K., Yamashita, N., and Kannan, K. 2006. “Occurrence ofperfluoroalkyl surfactants in water, fish, and birds from new york state.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 50,398-410.
[36] Harada, K., Koizumi, A., Saito, N., Inoue, K., Yoshina- ga, T., Date, C., Fujii, S., Hachiya, N., Hirosawa, I., Koda, S.,Kusaka, Y., Murata, K., Omae, K., Shimbo, S., Ta- kenaka, K., Takeshita, T., Todoriki, H., Wada, Y., Wata- nabe, T., and Ikeda, M. 2007. “Historical and geographical aspects of the increasing perfluorooctanoate and per- fluorooctane sulfonate contamination in human serum in japan.” Chemosphere. 66, 293-301.
[37] Butenhoff, J. L., Olsen, G. W., and Pfahles-Hutchens, A. 2006. “The applicability of biomonitoring data for per- fluorooctanesulfonate to the environmental public health continuum.” Environmental Health Perspectives. 114, 1776-1782.
[38] Yeung, L. W. Y., So, M. K., Jiang, G. B., Taniyasu, S., Yamashita, N., Song, M. Y., Wu, Y. N., Li, J. G., Giesy, J. P., Guruge, K. S., and Lam, P. K. S. 2006. “Perfluo- rooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40,715-720.
[39] Ferguson, P L., Iden, C. R., and Brownawell, B. J. 2000. “Analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in the aquatic environment using liquid chromatography- electrospray mass spectrometry.” Analytical Chemistry. 72, 4322-4330.
[40] Takino, M., Daishima, S., and Nakahara, T. 2003. “Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate in river water by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry by automated on-line extraction using turbulent flow chromatography.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 17, 383-390.
[2] 3M 2003. “Environmental and health assesment of per- fluorooctane sulfonate and its salts.” U.S. Evironmen- tal Protection Agency Public Docket AR226-1486: Washington, DC.
[3] Giesy, J. P. and Kannan, K. 2001. “Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife.” Environ. Sci. Technology. 35, 1339-1342.
[4] Hansen, K. J., Clemen, L. A., Ellefson, M. E., and Johnson, H. O. 2001. “Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic: Fluorochemicals in biological matrices.” Environmental Science & Technology. 35, 766-770.
[5] Kannan, K., Corsolini, S., Falandysz, J., Fillmann, G., Kumar, K. S., Loganathan, B. G., Mohd, M. A., Olivero, J., Van Wouwe, N., Yang, J. H., and Aldous, K. M. 2004. “Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluoroche- micals in human blood from several countries.”Environ- mental Science & Technology. 38, 4489-4495.
[6] Houde, M., Martin, J. W., Letcher, R. J., Solomon, K. R., and Muir, D. C. G. 2006. “Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40, 3463-3473.
[7] Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles- Hutchens, A., and Seed, J. 2007. “Perfluoroalkyl acids: A review of monitoring and toxicological findings.” Toxicological Sciences. 99, 366-394.
[8] Conder, J. M., Hoke, R. A., De Wolf, W., Russell, M. H., and Buck, R. C. 2008. “Are PFCAS bioaccumulative? a critical review and comparison with regulatory lipophilic compounds.” Environmental Science & Technology. 42, 995-1003.
[9] Ellis, D. A., Mabury, S. A., Martin, J. W., and Muir, D. C. G. 2001. “Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment.” Nature. 412,321-324.
[10] Dinglasan, M. J. A., Ye, Y., Edwards, E. A., and Ma- bury, S. A. 2004. “Fluorotelomer alcohol biodegradation yields poly- and perfluorinated acids.” Environmental Science & Technology. 38, 2857-2864.
[11] Boulanger, B., Peck, A. M., Schnoor, J. L., and Hornbuckle, K. C. 2005. “Mass budget of perfluorooctane surfactant in lake ontario.” Environmental Science & Technology. 39,74-79.
[12] Higgins, C. P, Field, J. A., Criddle, C. S., and Luthy, R. G. 2005. “Quantitative determination of perfluoroche- micals in sediments and domestic sludge.” Environmental Science & Technology. 39, 3946-3956.
[13] Schultz, M. M., Barofsky, D. F., and Field, J. A. 2006. “Quantitative determination of fluorinated alkyl substances by large-volume-injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry - characterization of municipal wastewaters.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40,289-295.
[14] Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I. T., Buck, R. C., and Kor- zeniowski, S. H. 2006. “Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40, 32-44.
[15] Boulanger, B., Vargo, J. D., Schnoor, J. L., and Hornbuckle, K. C. 2005. “Evaluation of perfluorooctane surfactants in a wastewater treatment system and in a commercial surface protection product.” Environmental Science & Technology. 39, 5524-5530.
[16] Ochoa-Herrera, V and Sierra-Alvarez, R. 2008. “Removal of prefluorinated surfactants by sorption onto granular activated carbon, zeolite and sludge.” Chemosphere. 72, 1588- 1593.
[17] 3M2001. “Executive summary: Environmental monitoring - multi-city study. water, sludge, sediments, potw effluentand landfill leachate samples.” EPA-226-1030a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
[18] Sinclair, E. and Kannan, K. 2006. “Mass loading and fate of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in wastewater treatment plants.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40, 1408-1414.
[19] Loganathan, B. G., Sajwan, K. S., Sinclair, E., Kumar, K. S., and Kannan, K. 2007. “Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in kentucky and georgia.” Water Research. 41, 4611-4620.
[20] Becker, A. M., Gerstmann, S., and Frank, H. 2008. “Per- fluorooctane surfactants in waste waters, the major source of river pollution.” Chemosphere. 72, 115-121.
[21] Guo, R., Zhou, Q. F., Cai, Y. Q., and Jiang, G. B. 2008. “Determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid in sewage sludge samples using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.” Talanta. 75, 1394-1399.
[22] Bossi, R., Strand, J., Sortkjaer, O., and Larsen, M. M. 2008. “Perfluoroalkyl compounds in danish wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments.” Environment International. 34, 443-450.
[23] Moody, C. A., Hebert, G. N., Strauss, S. H., and Field, J. A. 2003. “Occurrence and persistence of perfluo- rooctanesulfonate and other perfluorinated surfactants in groundwater at a fire-training area at wurtsmith air force base, michigan, usa.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 5, 341-345.
[24] Skutlarek, D., Exner, M., and Farber, H. 2006. “Perfluo- rinated surfactants in surface and drinking water.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 13, 299307.
[25] Richardson, S. D. 2007. “Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and current issues.” Analytical Chemistry. 79, 4295-4323.
[26] Poulsen, P. B., Jensen, A. A., and Wallstrom, E. 2005. “More environmentally friendly alternatives to PFOS- compounds and PFOA.” Danish EPA: 1-162.
[27] Ju, X. D., Jin, Y. H., Sasaki, K., and Saito,N. 2008. “Per- fluorinated surfactants in surface, subsurface water and microlayer from dalian coastal waters in China.” Environmental Science & Technology. 42, 3538-3542.
[28] Tang, C. Y. Y., Fu, Q. S., Robertson, A. P, Criddle, C. S., and Leckie, J. O. 2006. “Use of reverse osmosis membranes to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from semiconductor wastewater.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40, 7343-7349.
[29] Ochoa-Herrera, V, Sierra-Alvarez, R., Somogyi, A., Jacobsen, N. E., Wysocki, V H., and Field, J. A. 2008. “Reductive defluorination of perfluorooctane sulfonate.” Environmental Science & Technology. 42, 3260-3264.
[30] Villagrasa, M., deAlda, M. L., and Barcelo, D. 2006. “Environmental analysis of fluorinated alkyl substances by liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry: A review.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 386, 953-972.
[31] deVoogt, P and Saez, M. 2006. “Analytical chemistry of perfluoroalkylated substances.” Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 25, 326-342.
[32] Richardson, S. D. 2008. “Environmental mass spectrometry: Emerging contaminants and current issues.” Analytical Chemistry. 80, 4373-4402.
[33] 3M 2002. “Technical data bulletin. environmental health, safety and regulatory (EHSR) profile of perfluo- robutane sulfonate (PFBS).” 3M, St Paul, MN.
[34] Martin, J. W., Smithwick, M. M., Braune, B. M., Hoeks- tra, P. F., Muir, D. C. G., and Mabury, S. A. 2004. “Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the canadian arctic.” Environmental Science & Technology. 38, 373-380.
[35] Sinclair, E., Mayack, D. T., Roblee, K., Yamashita, N., and Kannan, K. 2006. “Occurrence ofperfluoroalkyl surfactants in water, fish, and birds from new york state.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 50,398-410.
[36] Harada, K., Koizumi, A., Saito, N., Inoue, K., Yoshina- ga, T., Date, C., Fujii, S., Hachiya, N., Hirosawa, I., Koda, S.,Kusaka, Y., Murata, K., Omae, K., Shimbo, S., Ta- kenaka, K., Takeshita, T., Todoriki, H., Wada, Y., Wata- nabe, T., and Ikeda, M. 2007. “Historical and geographical aspects of the increasing perfluorooctanoate and per- fluorooctane sulfonate contamination in human serum in japan.” Chemosphere. 66, 293-301.
[37] Butenhoff, J. L., Olsen, G. W., and Pfahles-Hutchens, A. 2006. “The applicability of biomonitoring data for per- fluorooctanesulfonate to the environmental public health continuum.” Environmental Health Perspectives. 114, 1776-1782.
[38] Yeung, L. W. Y., So, M. K., Jiang, G. B., Taniyasu, S., Yamashita, N., Song, M. Y., Wu, Y. N., Li, J. G., Giesy, J. P., Guruge, K. S., and Lam, P. K. S. 2006. “Perfluo- rooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China.” Environmental Science & Technology. 40,715-720.
[39] Ferguson, P L., Iden, C. R., and Brownawell, B. J. 2000. “Analysis of alkylphenol ethoxylate metabolites in the aquatic environment using liquid chromatography- electrospray mass spectrometry.” Analytical Chemistry. 72, 4322-4330.
[40] Takino, M., Daishima, S., and Nakahara, T. 2003. “Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate in river water by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry by automated on-line extraction using turbulent flow chromatography.” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 17, 383-390.