Keywords
Conservation
Distribution
Ecuador
Osornophryne antisana
Osornophryne bufoniformis
Osornophryne guacamayo
Osornophryne occidentalis new species
Osornophryne sumacoensis
Osornophryne talipes
Taxonomy
Variation
How to Cite
Abstract
We describe a new species of Andean toad of the genus Osornophryne from montane cloud forests of northwestern Ecuador between 2500-2750 m above sea level. The new species is characterized by moderately large size (snout-vent length 32.5-36.0 mm in adult females, 21.1-23.2 mm in adult males), dorsal skin highly rugose with scattered irregular warts, dorsolateral ridges of round or oblong glandular warts, venter with clusters of flattened pustular warts, angular rostrum shaped like a four-sided pyramid protruding in dorsal and lateral views but not forming a proboscis, smooth borders of transverse processes of presacral vertebrae, a dark brown dorsum in life with ochre-brown warts, dorsolateral ridges maroon-brown, and abundant pale salmon spots on the venter. We suggest that it be classified as Endangered under IUCN criteria, because of its small distributional, narrow altitudinal range subjected to habitat loss and fragmentation. We discuss different aspects of taxonomy, natural history, and distribution of the different species of Osornophryne. In particular, we comment on the importance of morphological, chromatic, and molecular analyses that take into consideration ontogenic and dimorphic variation among species of Osornophryne.
References
Peracca, M. G. 1904. "Rettili ed amfibii in viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell"™Ecuador e regioni vicine". Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Università di Torino. 19, 1-41.
Peters, M. J. 1973. "The frog genus Atelopus in Ecuador (Anura: Bufonidae)". Smithsonian Constributions in Zoology. 145, 1-49.
Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. and Hernández-Camacho, J. I. 1976. "Osornophryne, un género nuevo de anfibios bufónidos de Colombia y Ecuador". Caldasia. 11, 93-148.
Cannatella, D. C. 1986. "A new species of Osornophryne (anura: Bufonidae) from the Andes of Ecuador". Copeia. 1986,6-18.
Hoogmoed, M. S. 1987. "New species of Osornophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from the Atlantic versant of the Andes in Ecuador". Zoologische mededelingen. 61, 209-242.
Gluesenkamp, A. G. 1995. "A new species of Osornophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) from volcán Sumaco, ecuador, with notes on other members of the genus." Herpetologica. 51,268-2.
Frost, D. R. 2007. "Amphibian species of the world: an online reference". Technical report. American Museum of Natural History, New York. V 5.4. <http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia>
Cochran, D. M. and Goin., C. J. 1970. "Frogs of Colombia". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 288, 1-655.
Acosta-Galvis, A. R. 2000. "Ranas, salamandras y caecilias (Tetrapoda: Amphibia) de Colombia". Biota Colombiana. 1, 289-319.
Mueses, J. J. 2003. "El género Osornophryne (amphibia: Anura) en Colombia". Caldasia. 25, 419-427.
Bolívar, W., Coloma, L. A., Ron, S., Cisneros-Heredia, D. F., and Grant, T. 2007. "Osornophryne bufoniformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. V 2010.4.
Yánez-Muñoz, M. H., Cisneros-Heredia, D. F., Gluesenkamp, A. G., and Altamirano, M. 2010. "Nueva especie de sapo andino del género Osornophryne (amphibia: Bufonidae) del norte de Ecuador, con notas sobre la diversidad de osornophryne en Colombia". Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías. 2 (3), B46-B53.
Sierra, R. 1999. "Propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificación de vegetación para el ecuador continental". Proyecto INEFAN-GEF-BIRF and Ecociencia.
Quiguango, A. 1997. "Diversidad y abundancia relativa de la herpetofauna en cuellaje, zona de amortiguamiento de la reserva ecológica Cotacachi Cayapas, Ecuador". Ecociencia. pp. 195-209. En: Mena, P. et al., Estudios Biológicos para la Conservación. EcoCiencia. Quito.
Toral, E., Feinsinger, P., and Crump, M. L. 2002. "Frogs and a cloud-forest edge in Ecuador". Conservation Biology. 16,735-744.
Gluesenkamp, A. G. and Acosta, N. 2001. "Sexual dimorphism in Osornophryne guacamayo with notes on natural history and reproduction in the species." Journal of herpetology. 35, 148-151.
Freile, J. F. and Santander, T. 2005. "Áreas importantes para la conservación de las aves en Ecuador." En: BirdLife Internacional y Conservation Internacional. Áreas Importantes para la Conservación de las Aves en los Andes Tropicales. Serie de Conservación de BirdLife Internacional No. 14. Quito
Ortiz, A. and Morales, M. 2000. "Evaluación ecológica rápida de la herpetofauna en el Parque Nacional Llanganates". En: Vásquez, M. A. et al, Biodiversidad en el Parque Nacional Llanganates. EcoCiencia, Ministerio del Ambiente, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciancias Naturales e Instituto Internacional de Reconstrucción Rural. Quito.
Mueses, J. J. 2005. "The amphibian fauna of the valle de Sibundoy, Putumayo, Colombia." Caldasia. 27, 229-242.
Marsh, D. and Pearman, P. B. 1997. "Effects of habitat fragmentation on the abundance of two species of lepto-dactylid frogs in an Andean montane forest". Conservation Biology. 11,1323-1328.
Graybeal, A. and Cannatella, D. C. 1995. "A new taxon of bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of bufonid genera". Herpetologica. 51, 105-131.
Copyright notice
Authors who publish in the journal ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías accept the following terms:
- The authors will retain their copyright and guarantee the journal the right of first publication of their work, which will be simultaneously subject to the Creative Commons Attribution License that allows third parties to share the work provided that its author and its first publication in this journal is indicated.
- Authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for the distribution of the published version of the work, thereby being able to publish it in a monographic volume or reproduce it in other ways, provided that the initial publication in this journal is indicated.
- Authors are permitted and advised to disseminate their work over the Internet:
- Before submission to the journal, authors can deposit the manuscript in pre-publication files/repositories (preprint servers/repositories), including arXiv, bioRxiv, figshare, PeerJ Preprints, SSRN, and others, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase citations of the published work (see The effect of open access).
- After submission, it is recommended that authors deposit their article in their institutional repository, personal website, or scientific social network (such as Zenodo, ResearchGate or edu).