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Bionucleares 2020

Vol. 12 Núm. 3 (2020): Aplicaciones Nucleares (2021)

Contribución de la mutación inducida en cultivos a la seguridad alimentaria mundial

  • Fatma Sarsu
DOI
https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v12i3.2031
Enviado
octubre 17, 2020
Publicado
2021-04-08

Resumen

El mejoramiento por mutaciones para la mejora de cultivos es una técnica utilizada desde
hace más de 70 años. La mutación inducida es una forma rápida de aumentar la tasa de
variación genética espontánea en plantas que contribuyen a la seguridad alimentaria
mundial. La variabilidad genética, creada a través de mutagénesis, es decir, física o
química, es un material de reproducción importante para el desarrollo de variedades
mejoradas y muchos estudios en el campo de la genómica funcional. Los cambios
genéticos hereditarios generados aleatoriamente se expresan en las plantas mutantes,
que se seleccionan por características nuevas y útiles, tales como alto rendimiento,
resistencia a enfermedades, tolerancia al estrés abiótico y mejor calidad nutricional. La técnica ayuda a mejorar la tolerancia de las especies de cultivos a condiciones climáticas
adversas, como temperaturas extremas, sequía, aparición de plagas y enfermedades.
Gracias al apoyo proporcionado por la División Mixta FAO / OIEA, se han generado
importantes efectos agronómicos y económicos en muchos países. La base de datos de
variedades mutantes (MDV, por sus siglas en inglés) de la FAO / OIEA (http://mvd.iaea.
org) demuestra la importancia de la inducción de mutaciones como una herramienta
eficaz en la mejora de cultivos. El uso extensivo de germoplasmas mutantes inducidos
en programas de mejora de cultivos dio como resultado la liberación de más de 3332
variedades mutantes de alrededor de 228 especies de cultivos (20 de julio de 2020).

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