Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
ACI Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías

SECTION A: EXACT SCIENCES

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2015)

Quantum Size Effects in Solid State - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of metallic particles

DOI
https://doi.org/10.18272/aci.v7i1.217
Submitted
November 24, 2015
Published
2015-05-22

Abstract

This work involves the preparation of small metallic particles (of diameters of 200 Á or less) possessing a nuclear spin, I=1/2, to be used to study quantum size effects (QSE) and surface effects using continuous wave (CW) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Solvation and pulse methods were used to determine longitudinal relaxation times, T1, for lead and aluminum powders, where absolute values were found to be 0.45±0.09 and 4.85±0.70 for 207Pb and 27Al, respectively. Approximate values for the Knight shift were also determined (0.168 average for 207Pb and 1.24 for 27Al). In contrast to these findings, 109Ag analysis produced values with high degree of uncertainty. Relaxation times are compared between small particle and bulk measurements, and the relaxation mechanisms and parameters are described.

viewed = 613 times

References

  1. Frohlich, H. 1937. Physica, 6: 406.
  2. Kubo, R. 1966. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 17: 975.
  3. Kawabata, A.; Kubo, R. 1966. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 21: 1765.
  4. Gorkov, L.; Eliasberg, G. Soviet Phys. JETP, 21: 940.
  5. Kawabata, A. 19670 J. Phys. Soc. Japan 29: 902.
  6. Denton, R.; Mühlschlegel, B.; Scalapino, D. 1971. Phys. Rev. Letters, 26: 707.
  7. Meier; F.; Wydner, P. 1973. Phys. Rev. Letters, 30: 181.
  8. Novotny, V; Meincke, P. 1973. Phys. Rev. B, 8: 4186 (1973).
  9. Nonnenmacher, Th. 1975. Phys. Letters, 51A: 213.
  10. Cooper, L.; Hu, S. 1971. "Density of Electron Levels for Small Particles." Electronic Density of States (U. S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington D. C.)
  11. Kennard, E.; Waber, J. 1971 "Potential; Charge Density Near the Interface ofa Transition Metal." Electronic Density of States (U. S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington D. C.)
  12. Kubc, R. 1968. Comments on S. S. Phys, 1: 61.
  13. Kenner, V; Allen, R. 1975. Phys. Rev. B, 11: 2858.
  14. Charles, R.; Harrison, H. 1963. Phys. Rev. Letters, 11I: 75.
  15. Masuda, Y.; Redfield, A. 1964. Phys. Rev., 133A: 944.
  16. Charlovin, J.; Froidevaux, C.; Taupin, C.; Winter, J. 1966. S. S. Commun., 4: 357.
  17. Dawley, M. 1967. Phys. Letters, 24A: 428.
  18. Taupin, C. 1967. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28: 41.
  19. Fujita, T.; Ohsima, K.; Wada, N.; Sakakibara, T. 1970. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 29: 797.
  20. Kobayashi, S.; Takahashi, T.; Sasaki, W. 1970. Phys. Letters, 33A: 429.
  21. Hines, W. 1971 "Low Temperature NMR Study of Small Copper Particles." Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference of Low Temperature Physics (Academic Press of Tokyo).
  22. Kobayashi, S.; Takahashi, T.; Sasaki, H. 1971. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 31: 1442.
  23. Kobayashi, S.; Takahashi, T.; Sasaki, W. 1972. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 32: 1234.
  24. Ido, M.; Shitukawa, A.; Hoshino, E. 1973. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 34: 556.
  25. Yee, P.; Knight, H. 1975. Phys. Rev, B11: 3261.
  26. Andrew, E. 1955 "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" (Cambridge Press, London).
  27. Spokas, J.; Slichter, C. 1959. Phys. Rev., 113: 1462.
  28. Asayama, K.; Itoh, J. 1962 J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 17: 1065.
  29. Narath, A. 1967. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Hyperfine Interactions (Academic Press, N. Y.).
  30. Beck, O.; Smith, A.; Wheeler, A. 1940. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A177: 62.
  31. Beck, O. 1945 Rev. Mod. Phys, 17: 61.
  32. Kimoto, K.; Kamiya, Y.; Nonoyama, M.; Uyeda, R. 1963. Japan J. Appl. Phys., 2: 72.
  33. Yatsuya, S.; Kasukabe, S.; Uyeda, R. 1973. Japan J. Appl. Phys., 122: 1675.
  34. Wada, N. 1967. Japan J. Appl. Phys, 6: 553.
  35. Turkevich, J. "Ultrafine Particles in the Gas Phase." Fundamental Phenomena in the Material Sciences (Plenum Press, N. Y.).
  36. Kuhn, W. 1953. "Introduction in Ultrafine Particles." (John Wiley, N. Y.).
  37. Taylor, A. 1949 "An Introduction to X-Ray Metallography." Chapman & Hall Ltd., London.
  38. Alexander, L.; Klug, H. 1950. J. Appl. Phys., 21: 137.
  39. Alexander, L. 1950. J. Appl. Phys., 21: 126.
  40. Bloch, F. 1945. Phys. Rev., 70: 37.
  41. Bloembergen, N.; Purcell, E.; Pound, R. 1948. Phys. Rev., 73: 679.
  42. Goldman, M. 1970. "Spin Temperature NMR in Solids." Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  43. Poole, C.; Farach, H. 1971. "Relaxation in Magnetic Resonance." (Academic Press, N. Y.)
  44. Redfield, A. 1955. Phys. Rev., 98: 1787.
  45. Goldman, M. 1964. Le Journal de Physique, 225: 843.
  46. Reference 26, page 105.
  47. Masuda, Y. 1957. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 12: 523.
  48. Narath, A.; Fromhold, T. 1967. Phys. Letters, 25A: 49.
  49. Kessemeier, H. unpublished.
  50. Anderson, W. 1956. Phys. Rev., 102: 151.
  51. Emsley, J.; Freney, J.; Sutcliffe, L. 1965. "High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy." (Pergamon Press, Oxford), 1.
  52. Keibig, U. 1974. J. Phys. F: Metal Phys, 4: 999.
  53. Monot, R; Narbel, C.; Borel, J. 1974. Nuevo Cimento, 19B: 253.
  54. Holland, B. 1967. "Conduction Electron Spin Relaxation in Small Particles." Magnetic Resonance; Relaxation (North Holland, Amsterdam).
  55. Asayama, K.; Oda, Y. 1967. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 21: 937.
  56. Ya, M.; Fetinov, V 1965. Soviet Phys. JETP, 21: 19.
  57. Knight, W. 1956. S. S. Phys., 2: 93.
  58. Korringa, J. 1950. Physica, 16: 601.
  59. Blandin, A.; Daniel, E. 1959. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 10: 126.
  60. Poitrenaud, J.; Winter, J. 1964. J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25: 123.
  61. Winter, J. 1971. Magnetic Resonance in Metals (Clarendon Press. Oxford).
  62. Mitchell, A. 1957. J. Chem. Phys., 26: 1714.
  63. Elliot, R. 1954. Phys. Rev., 96: 266.
  64. Smith, M.; Ingram, D. 1962. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), 80: 139.
  65. Rowland, T. 1961. Prog In Materials Science, 9: 1.