Palabras clave
variabilidad genética
FAO
Cómo citar
Resumen
Para la mejora genética de especies de importancia agrícola, es esencial contar con una amplia base genética, garantizando una variabilidad suficiente para aumentar las oportunidades de selección de rasgos específicos de interés en el campo. Además, el uso de técnicas complementarias a los sistemas de mejoramiento convencional es crucial para explorar eficazmente la variabilidad genética disponible. Actualmente, existen diversas técnicas, como el cultivo in vitro, la transformación genética, la edición génica, la selección asistida por marcadores y la inducción de mutaciones, entre otras. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo sintetizar el desarrollo histórico, las aplicaciones actuales y el potencial futuro de la inducción de mutaciones en la mejora de cultivos, con énfasis en su papel en la adaptación al cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria. Las técnicas de inducción de mutaciones han desempeñado un papel clave en la respuesta a los desafíos relacionados con la seguridad alimentaria al promover el desarrollo de nuevas variedades para el sector agrícola en diversos países. A través del análisis de la base de datos de variedades mutantes de la FAO/OIEA, fue posible identificar cómo la inducción de mutaciones ha contribuido al desarrollo de cultivares adaptados a las necesidades específicas de seguridad alimentaria y clima. El programa FAO/OIEA (https://nucleus.iaea.org), que promueve el uso de técnicas nucleares en la agricultura, ha dado lugar a la liberación de más de 3404 variedades mutantes en 233 especies cultivadas en 75 países. En varios países, como se indica en la MVD, el uso de germoplasma mutante en los programas de mejoramiento vegetal ha sido crucial para la adaptación de los cultivos a nuevas condiciones climáticas, además de satisfacer la creciente demanda de alimentos. Estos avances destacan el potencial de la inducción de mutaciones como una herramienta esencial para abordar los desafíos agrícolas futuros, subrayando la importancia de continuar invirtiendo en técnicas nucleares para el mejoramiento de cultivares adaptados al cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria global.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Raymond Joseph, Viviane Kopp da Luz, Amanda Valentini Baseggio, Adriana Pires Soares Bresolin, Antonio Costa De Oliveira