Keywords
Dynamic modeling
Multi-level and collaborative governance
Hybrid modeling
Input–Output analysis
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Copyright (c) 2026 Eduardo Pérez-Denicia, Diana Rosa Pérez Serrano
Abstract
This study synthesizes peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (2018–2023) to clarify how the water–energy nexus is framed, measured, and governed. We derive nine analytical dimensions from key nexus variables 1) sectoral composition & interactions, 2) resource inputs and outputs, 3) social actors, 4) methodological frameworks, 5) problems and limitations, 6) geographic distribution, 7) operational nexus definitions, 8) territorial scales, and 9) study type. This classification reveals three structural bottlenecks: (i) methodological concentration on static environmentally extended input–output models; (ii) regional aggregation of case studies in data‑rich China, which limits global transferability; and (iii) institutional narrowness, with multi-level governance and civil society underrepresented. Network analysis shows that conceptual framing predicts methodological choice and actor inclusion, and indicates limited methodological diversification —a relationship synthesized into the six pillars proposed below. Beyond existing WEN reviews, this combination of nine-dimension coding, cross-dimensional frequency analysis, and co-occurrence networks provides an empirical basis for the six pillars by linking how the nexus is defined to how it is measured and who is represented in the analysis. To support sustainable engineering decisions, we propose an extended water-energy nexus definition built around six interlocking pillars: high-resolution flow accounting; dynamic feedback modeling (rebound/tipping risks); explicit coupling with carbon, land, and waste; hybrid quantitative–qualitative analytics; inclusive multi-level collaborative governance; and interoperable open-data architectures. Together, these pillars translate fragmented case evidence into an engineering-ready, justice-sensitive systems framework, informing integrated water–energy infrastructure planning, evaluation of energy-transition pathways under water constraints, and prioritization of governance and data-architecture improvements required for interoperable nexus monitoring across sectors and scales.
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