Until the 20th century, the legal principle (regula iuris) “the accused had the right not testify against himself” was applied in a criminal trial (ius criminale) in the West countries. This is merely a corollary of the presumption iuris tantum of the accused’s innocence until proven guilty. In the 21st century, French and Spanish law as introduced “the right of the accused to lie” –the same “jurisprudence”, with Manichaeism, excludes the witness–. This violates the rule of law of ius naturale: mentiri non licet agendo = it is not licit to lie in litigations.
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