Submissions

Author Guidelines

GENERAL FORMATTING

All manuscripts submitted to Revista Ecuatoriana de Ornitología (including Articles, Short Communications, Fieldnotes, Thesis Abstracts, or Ecuadorian Ornithological Meetings Abstracts), must comply with the following guidelines.

• Manuscripts may be submitted in Spanish or English
• The manuscript should be submitted as a Word document (*.doc or *.docx). Manuscripts will not be accepted in PDF, RTF or other formats.

• Authors must submit two Word documents: 1) cover page with title, authors, institutions and addresses; 2) the manuscript itself with title, short title, abstract, key words, resumen, palabras clave, and all other sections accordingly.

• Manuscripts should be prepared on A4 paper leaving 2.5 cm (1 inch) margins on all sides. All pages, including tables and figure captions, should be numbered in the bottom left corner, starting with page 1.
• Avoid general formatting commands such as headers and footers, automatic paragraph breaks, or in-text hyperlinks.
• Use “Arial,” font size 11 throughout the manuscript. Do not hyphenate words at ends of lines. Do not right-justify the text. Leave only one space after each word, sentence, or punctuation sign.
• Double-space throughout the manuscript, including references, tables and figure legends.
• Use italic characters for words that must be italicized, e.g., scientific names of species. In addition, the following Latin terms or expressions should be italicized: fide, vice versa, sensu, in vivo, in vitro, in situ, ad libitum, a priori, a posteriori. Other Latin terms, as well as words in languages other than the primary language of the manuscript, should also be italicized. 
• Manuscripts in English may use either British or United States grammar and spelling, but their use should remain consistent throughout the entire manuscript.
• In cases where portions of a given part of their manuscript (e.g., Abstract, Resumen) are prepared in a language other than the authors’ first language, these parts should be reviewed by a native speaker. Manuscripts with significant shortcomings in spelling and grammar will be returned for correction without review.
• Use the International System of Units. Units specific to a particular discipline that are not covered by the SI may be used as long as they have been widely accepted within the given discipline. When presenting unit abbreviations leave a space between the number and the abbreviation, with no period following the abbreviation, as with the following example: 4 km
• Percentages should be indicated with (%), with no space between the number and the symbol. For example, use 50% rather than “50 percent” or “50 %.”
• Geographic coordinates should be given in decimal degrees rather than degrees-minutes-seconds or UTMs (e.g., −3.687416, −79.909861). Include the relevant geodetic datum only if other than the standard WGS 84 (e.g., EGM2008).
• Dates should be given in Day Month Year format (for example: 1 May 2016). Do not abbreviate the month or year. Times should use a 24-hr format and written as: 13h00.
• Write out numbers one to nine (e.g., five nestlings) unless numbers are statistics or measurements (e.g., 7 mm, 6 months, 2 min). Use numerals for larger numbers (e.g., 10 young, 14 prey items). If a number is in a series with at least one number being 10 or more, use numerals only (e.g., 3 trees, 17 shrubs, and 11 grasses).
• Decimals are marked by the comma (,) for Spanish texts and period (.) for English texts. For larger numbers, do not use punctuation to separate thousands, instead leave a blank space (10 450; 100 000; 5 120 305). To indicate a range of numbers, use only long dash (–) (Alt+0150), for example: 8–10. This same long dash should be used for indicating the range of page numbers in the References.
• For the initial submission of the manuscript, all figures should be sent as part of the same Word document. If the manuscript is accepted, however, figures must be submitted as separate files (see Figure Preparation below).
• All symbols and abbreviations should be written out entirely upon first use, with an indication of how they will be abbreviated. For example: “Studies were carried out at the Yanayacu Biological Station & Center for Creative Studies (hereafter YBS).” Use abbreviations only when mandatory. Abbreviations should not be used in the Abstract or ‘Resumen’.

STATISICAL AND MATHEMATICAL TERMS AND ABBEVIATIONS:
Use the following abbreviations, always with format and spacing as indicated herein. Abbreviation meanings are shown within [ ].

• (mean = 8.23; SD = 2.3; n = 4)
• (mean ± SD)
• SD [standard deviation]
• SE [standard error]
• CV [coefficient of variation]
• N [total sample size] or n [subset of the total sample] For example: “Of the Grallaria nests we examined (N = 127), most were built predominantly of moss (n = 120).”
• “t =” or “t-test” [Student’s t-test]: t = 0.002; P > 0.05
• ANOVA [analysis of variance]: F = 0.002; P > 0.05
• ns [non-significant]
• Kruskal-Wallis: H = 19.468; P < 0.002; P = 0.0001
• df = 70.0 [degrees of freedom]
• Mann-Whitney U-test: U =
• Chi-squared
• a.s.l. [above sea level]
• e.g., [for example]
• i.e., [that is]
• et al. [and others]
• in litt. [in correspondence]
• vs [versus]
• c. [circa]
• cf. [compare with]
• pers. comm. [personal communication] (e.g., F. López, pers. comm., 1999)
• pers. obs. [personal observation]
• sensu [according to] For example: “sensu Cevallos & Carrera (1990)
• sensu lato [as broadly defined] For example: “The genus Myrmotherula (sensu lato), includes an additional nine species of Epinecrophylla antwrens.”
• in vitro or in vivo
• a priori or a posteriori
• prov. [province]
• unpubl. [unpublished], no publ. [no publicado]
• Fig. 1, Fig. 2b [to refer to figures within the text]
• FIG. 1. [in the legend of the figure]
• Table 1 [to refer to a table in the text]
• TABLE 1. [in the table’s legend]
• approx. [approximately]
• 20°C [temperature; use Alt+248 for °; no space; use deg. Celsius]
• s [second]
• ms [millisecond]
• h [hour]
• min [minute]
• 16-bit [normal (short) dash]
• kHz [kilohertz]
• Hz [hertz]
• Do not use symbols for indicating gender. In all cases use “male” or “female.”
• Remember to not use a period (.) after units, except at the end of a sentence. For example: “Our transects were 5 km long.” or “Each transect had an extension of 5 km.”

TYPES OF SUBMISSIONS

The Revista Ecuatoriana de Ornitología accepts submissions that fall within one of the following six categories: Articles, Short Communications, Fieldnotes, Thesis Abstracts, Book Reviews, and Abstracts from the Reunión Ecuatoriana de Ornitología.

FORMAT FOR ARTICLES AND SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

Manuscripts should be presented with the following sections, in the following order: Title, Authors, Author Affiliations, Short Title, Abstract, Key Words, Title in Spanish, Resumen (in Spanish), Palabras Clave (in Spanish), Text, References, Tables (one per page, each with corresponding legend), Figures (one per page, each with corresponding legend). Remember that cover page must include Title, Authors, Author Affiliations, whereas the manuscript file must include all remaining sections, plus the Title.

Formatting and presentation of the various sections should be as follows:

• Title: This refers to the complete title of your manuscript and should be written in the main language of the manuscript. It should be centered, at the top of the page, with no period at the end, in BOLD CAPITAL font. Use species’ common names, followed by scientific name(s) (no parentheses) and the species’ higher taxonomic grouping (e.g., family, order, etc.) within parentheses. For example: “Black-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis (Trochilidae).” See also regulations on the use of common and scientific names.
• Author Names: Author names should be written in Capital and Lowercase Bold lettering, centered on the page following the Title. If there are multiple directions for the author(s), these should be indicated following the author(s) names with superscript Arabic numbers. Author(s) complete names should be used, at least for the first and last names, with middle names indicated with either initials or in full. Separate authors with a comma (,) and do not use “and” or “&” before the final author. Use a short dash (-) for hyphenated names and capitalize portions of last names following the conventions of their respective language. For example: Juan Pérez, María A. López, Luis M. Ortiz-Riper, Jeffery A. Blake, José Ramón M. de Agasi, William Christopher VanBuren, Charles van Riper III. Use accents and other ‘special’ characters as in the original name language.
• Author Affiliations: Affiliations and addresses should be written in Capital and Lowercase lettering, centered below Author(s) name(s); no italicized or bold. Institutional addresses during the time the work was carried out, are preferred. Current institutional addresses if different, should be indicated with an additional superscript number and preceded by “Current address:”. Multiple addresses should also be indicated with an additional superscript Arabic number. Place a period (.) following each address. The address of the corresponding author should be explicitly indicated by proceeding it with “Corresponding author:” and only the address of this author should be followed by a current email address.
• Short Title: An abbreviated title, representative of the full title, but with a maximum of 60 characters (including spaces). It should be written in CAPITAL letters, left justified, with no period at the end.
• Abstract: The word Abstract.- in Capital/lowercase, bold text should be begin a left-justified paragraph following Short title. The Abstract should not exceed 300 words for Articles and Short communications only.
• Key words: Left-justified, and proceeded by Key words: in bold Capital/lowercase font, authors should include at least five, and no more than 10, key words, in English, and presented in alphabetical order.
• Second title: Centered, in Bold Capital/lowercase. This should be a complete translation of the article’s full English title.
• Resumen: The word Resumen.- in Capital/lowercase, bold text should be begin a left-justified paragraph following the Spanish Title. This should include a complete Spanish translation of the English Abstract.
• Palabras clave: Left-justified, and proceeded by Palabras clave: in bold Capital/lowercase, authors provide Spanish translations for the English Key words section, presented in alphabetical order.
• [Note: in exceptional cases, abstracts, second titles and key words in other languages but Spanish and English will be accepted].
• Text: Formatting for the main body of the manuscript text may varies slightly between Articles and Short Communications.

1. Articles: The text for these larger contributions, typically follows the standard organization of scientific articles: INTRODUCTION, METHODS, RESULTS, DISCUSSION, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, REFERENCES. Section headings should be centered, in BOLD CAPITAL letters, and separated from the text by a single line. Should the manuscript use sub-headings, these should be written in Bold Capital/Lowercase font and left-justified.
2. Short Communications: The text for Short Communications does not typically require any of the principle headings, with the exception of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and REFERENCES.

• Acknowledgements: This section should include recognition of any sources of funding that supported the study. It should also include any applicable permits numbers or permitting agencies, as well as any additional people or institutions which supported the research in any fashion.
• References: See below

FORMAT FOR FIELDNOTES

The Fieldnotes section of Revista Ecuatoriana de Ornitología is meant as a venue for dissemination of interesting and novel natural history observations, distribution records, or other noteworthy reports of birds in the field. In general, data presented here should make an important contribution to our knowledge about a species or group of species, but not necessarily be one that requires a great deal of discussion or background for its importance to be appreciated. Some examples, include:

• Brief observations of breeding stages: courtship, mating, transportation of nesting material, incubation, nestling provisioning, parental care, juvenile plumages, etc.
• Depredation events, pellet contents, stomach contents, hunting strategies and methods, new foraging behaviors, new feeding items, depredators.
• Nest parasitism events, agonistic or mutualistic interactions, interactions with other fauna.
• Chromatic aberrations previously unreported for the species, genus or family.
• Records of species beyond the known distribution range.

Contributions intended for this section should be formatted, essentially, as described for Articles and Short Communications, but need only the following sections: Title, Author(s) name(s), Author(s) address(es), Text, References. Normally, a single table or figure is permitted, and should be submitted on its own page along with the appropriate caption. For the most part, the text of manuscripts for this section should be no more than around 750–1000 words and ideally require no more than 4–5 references. Some additional details:

• Title will normally have three elements: Common name (in English or Spanish), scientific name (no parenthesis), observation or event type. In exceptional cases, longer titles are accepted, but maximum 10 words long. Examples:
• Black-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis, melanism.
• Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja, new prey items.
• Galápagos Dove Zenaida galapagoensis, depredation.
• Agami Heron Agamia agami and Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi, colonial nesting.
• Long-billed Woodcreeper Nasica longirostris eating flowers.
• First record of Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin in Loja.

• See general indications for common and scientific names.

• Text: The following structure is suggested: a first paragraph as introduction to the species or case, one or two paragraphs with the novel observation, a closing paragraph shortly discussing its relevance (one additional, short paragraph, with acknowledgements could be added).
• References: See general instructions. Only the most relevant and recent sources must be cited; avoid redundant references.
• Figures y tables: Submit only relevant figures that document your novel observation. Avoid tables as much as possible, unless tables are required to support the novel observation.

FORMAT FOR THESIS ABSTRACTS

Thesis abstracts should be presented with the following sections, in the following order: Title, Author(s), Author’s Address and institution, Text (the Abstract), Key Words, Second title (in Spanish), Resumen (the Abstract in Spanish), Palabras Clave (in Spanish), References, Table (maximum of one table, with corresponding legend on a separate page), Figure (maximum of one, legend on a separate page). Abstracts should be organized as follows, with a single line between each section:

• Title: This refers to the complete title of your thesis or dissertation and should be written in the principle language of the abstract. It should be centered, at the top of the page, with no period at the end, in BOLD CAPITAL font. Use species’ common names, followed by scientific name(s) (no parentheses) and the species’ higher taxonomic grouping (e.g., family, order, etc.) within parentheses. For example: “Black-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis (Trochilidae).” See also regulations on the use of common and scientific names.
• Author Names: Author names should be written in Capital and Lowercase Bold lettering, centered on the page following the Title. If there are multiple directions for the author(s), these should be indicated following the author(s) names with superscript Arabic numbers. Author(s) complete names should be used, at least for the first and last names, with middle names indicated with either initials or in full. Separate authors with a comma (,) and do not use “and” or “&” before the final author. Use a short dash (-) for hyphenated names and capitalize portions of last names following the conventions of their respective language. For example: Juan Pérez, María A. López, Luis M. Ortiz-Riper, Jeffery A. Blake, José Ramón M. de Agasi, William Christopher VanBuren, Charles van Riper III.
• Author Affiliations: Affiliations and addresses should be written in Capital and Lowercase lettering, centered below Author(s) name(s); no italicized or bold. Institutional addresses during the time the work was carried out, are preferred. Current institutional addresses if different, should be indicated with an additional superscript number and preceded by “Current address:”. Multiple addresses should also be indicated with an additional superscript Arabic number. Place a period (.) following each address. The address of the corresponding author should be explicitly indicated by proceeding it with “Corresponding author:” and only the address of this author should be followed by a current email address.
• Type of thesis and institution: In Bold Capital/lowercase lettering, left justified. Include the type of thesis [BSc (or Latin American equivalent), MSc, PhD, etc.], followed by the institution and the city where the degree was awarded. For example: Graduate Thesis, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca.
• Abstract: The word Abstract.- in Capital/lowercase, bold text should be begin a left-justified paragraph following author addresses. The text of the thesis abstract should not exceed, normally, 500 words, but exceptions are accepted.
• Key words: Left-justified, and proceeded by Key words: in bold Capital/lowercase font, authors should include at least five, and no more than 10, key words, in English, and presented in alphabetical order.
• Second title: Centered, in Bold Capital/Lowercase font. This should be a complete translation to Spanish of the article’s full English title.
• Resumen: The word Resumen.- in Capital/lowercase, bold text should be begin a left-justified paragraph following the Spanish Title. This should include a complete Spanish translation of the English text above.
• Palabras clave: Left-justified, and proceeded by Palabras clave: in bold capital/lowercase font, authors provide Spanish translations for the English Key words section, presented in alphabetical order.

• References: See below

FORMAT FOR ABSTRACTS FROM THE REUNIÓN ECUATORIANA DE ORNITOLOGÍA

Meeting abstracts should be presented in the following manner: Title, Author(s), Author address (addresses), Text (the Abstract), Key words. Each section should be formatted as follows, with a single space between each section:

• Title: This is the complete title of the abstract. It should be centered, at the top of the page, with no period at the end, in BOLD CAPITAL Use species’ common names, followed by scientific name(s) (no parentheses) and the species’ higher taxonomic grouping (e.g., family, order, etc.) within parentheses. For example: “Black-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis nigrivestis (Trochilidae).” See also regulations on the use of common and scientific names. We recommend that titles not be more than 15 words long.
• Author Names: Author names should be written in Capital and Lowercase Bold lettering, centered on the page following the Title. If there are multiple directions for the author(s), these should be indicated following the author(s) names with superscript Arabic numbers. Author(s) complete names should be used, at least for the first and last names, with middle names indicated with either initials or in full. Separate authors with a comma (,) and do not use “and” or “&” before the final author. Use a short dash (-) for hyphenated names and capitalize portions of last names following the conventions of their respective language. For example: Juan Pérez, María A. López, Luis M. Ortiz-Riper, Jeffery A. Blake, José Ramón M. de Agasi, William Christopher VanBuren, Charles van Riper III.
• Author Affiliations: Affiliations and addresses should be written in Capital and Lowercase lettering, centered below Author(s) name(s); no italicized or bold. Institutional addresses during the time the work was carried out, are preferred. Current institutional addresses if different, should be indicated with an additional superscript number and preceded by “Current address:”. Multiple addresses should also be indicated with an additional superscript Arabic number. Place a period (.) following each address. The address of the corresponding author should be explicitly indicated by proceeding it with “Corresponding author:” and only the address of this author should be followed by a current email address.
• Abstract: The word - in Capital/lowercase, bold text should be begin a left-justified paragraph following author addresses. The Abstract should not exceed 300 words.
• Key words: Left-justified, and proceeded by Key words: in bold Capital/lowercase font, authors should include at least five, and no more than 10, key words, in English, and presented in alphabetical order.
• Bibliographic citations are not permitted in meeting abstracts.
• When a species is mentioned for the first time, the common name should be used, followed by the scientific name. Following this, only the scientific name should be used.
• For clarity, we recommend writing in the first person (e.g., “we discuss” or “I found”).

GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

• The use of scientific names should follow the guidelines established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
• In general, we recommend following the most recent avian taxonomy proposed by the South American Classification Committee (SACC): http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm. In cases where the authors choose to use an alternate classification, this should be stipulated in the Methods section.
• All scientific names of genera, species, and subspecies should be written in italics.
• When a species is first mentioned in the text, both the common name, followed by the scientific name should be used.  Common names should be written as proper nouns, with the first letter capitalized. As an example: Baudo Guan Penelope ortoni. Subsequent references to this species should use only the scientific name. We recommend that the standardized English names provided by the latest version of the SACC checklist be used. For Spanish translations the official list of the Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO: https://ceroecuador.wordpress.com/) should be followed. If an article includes bird species from countries other than Ecuador, or non-avian species, we recommend following nomenclature most commonly used for that respective country or taxonomic group.
• Only if a manuscript includes a taxonomic analysis, or if there is controversy concerning the taxonomy of species involved in the study, the author of the name being used should be included at the first mention of the taxon in the paper. The authority should be given as the author(s), followed by a comma (,) and the year. For example: Grallaria ridgelyi Krabbe et al., 1999. The author and year should be in parentheses ( ), only if there has been a change in the generic name subsequent to its original description; for example: Epinecrophylla fulviventris (Lawrence, 1862). When there are three or more authors of a name, use “et al.” without italics. In cases where the original description of a species is included, the corresponding reference should be included in the REFERENCES section at the end of the manuscript.
• Write out the full generic name when it is mentioned for the first time in the abstract, ‘resumen’ and again within the text. The full genus should be written in table and figure legends as well. Genera should also be spelled out when they are used to begin a sentence. Otherwise, the genus may be abbreviated.

GUIDELINES FOR FORMATTING IN-TEXT CITATIONS AND THE REFERENCES SECTION

For in-text citations, in any type of submission, the following guidelines should be adhered to.

• Include the last name and year as follows: “Pérez (1988) described the architecture of the nest.”  OR “The first specimen was collected in 1890 (Pérez & Smith, 1892).”
• In the case of institutional or agency authors, you may either use an acronym or the full name of the organization. For example: (WWF, 2001) or The Nature Conservancy (2005).
• Citations are separated with a semi-colon; a comma separates authors and years (Rojo & Green, 2000; Rojo et al., 2002; Green, 2010).
• When several citations are included following the same text, these should be presented in chronological order. For example: (Rojo & Green, 1991; Smith, 2000; Green et al., 2002). If more than one citation by the same author(s) and same year is cited within one list, each citation should have a unique letter (Green, 1991a, 1991b).
• When a publication has three or more authors, only the first author should be given, followed by “et al.” in italics. For example: “The species lays four white eggs (Pérez et al., 2012).
• In cases where it is useful to reference a particular page or figure within a cited reference, the page number or figure number can be included in the citation following the year, and separated by a colon (:).  For example: “The original description gives the collection locality of the holotype as Loja (Pérez et al., 1930: 12).” “Nestling plumage is known from a single photograph (White, 1975: fig. 3).
• Unpublished works, or manuscripts in preparation should be cited as (unpubl. data), indicating the owner of said data. For example: Eugenia Suárez (unpubl. data).
• Unpublished forms of communication such as emails should not be cited, if possible. If mandatory, they should be cited as “pers. comm.” when they refer to unwritten or undocumented communications, or “in litt.” when there was a written documentation of said communications. For example: (J. Muñoz in litt. 2009) (J. Muñoz pers. comm., 2010).
• The list of references following the text of the manuscript should be titled REFERENCES (not Bibliography or Literature Cited). It should follow the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS or main body of the text, depending on the type of submission. References should be left justified.
• Citations in the REFERENCES section should be listed alphabetically by the first author, and then by year of publication.
• All citations referenced in the text, tables, and figure legends should be included in the REFERENCES. Citations not included elsewhere should not be listed here.
• Please carefully compare all citations with the original publications to avoid errors in author names, titles, publication names and page numbers. Any characters in these original citations that do not occur in the language of the present manuscript should be included as written in the original source. For example: Fjeldså.
• General formatting for references should follow the APA (7th Edition) style:

Author(s). (Year). Title of the work. Publication details.

Examples:

• Paper in scientific journal:

Parker III, T. A. (1982). Observations of some unusual rainforest and marsh birds in southeastern Peru. The Wilson Bulletin, 55, 477–493. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4161674

Jacobsen, D., Schultz, R., & Encalada, A. (1997). Structure and diversity of stream invertebrate assemblages: the influence of temperature with altitude and latitude. Freshwater Biology, 38(2), 247–261. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00210.x 

• Book:

Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P., & Parker III, T. A. (2010). Birds of Peru: revised and updated edition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Walsh, S. J., & Mena, C. F. (Eds.). (2012). Science and conservation in the Galapagos Islands: frameworks & perspectives. Vol. 1. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5794-7

• Book chapter:

Tye, A., Soria, M. C., & Gardener, M. R. (2002). A strategy for Galápagos weeds. En C. R. Veitch & M. N. Clout (Eds), Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species (pp. 336–341). Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Species Specialist Group.

Maldonado, M., Maldonado-Ocampo, J. A., Ortega, H., Encalada, A. C., Carvajal-Vallejos, F.M., Rivadeneira, J.F., Acosta, F., Jacobsen, D., Crespo, A. & Rivera-Rondón, C. A. (2011). Biodiversity in aquatic systems of the Tropical Andes. En S. K. Herzog, R. Martinez, P. M. Jorgensen, & H. Tiessen (Eds.), Climate change and biodiversity in the tropical Andes (pp. 276–294). Paris: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). URL: http://www.iai.int/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/book.pdf

• Dissertation:

Brandt, M. (2003). Influencia del erizo lapicero (Eucidaris thouarsii) en la estructura de la comunidad submarina de la cara norte del Islote Caamaño, Galápagos (Tesis de Licenciatura). Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito, Ecuador.

• Online resources:

Frost, D. R. (2016, Marzo 01). Amphibian species of the world: an online reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. URL: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html

• Separate each Author by a comma and use “&” before the last Author. The initials of the Author (s)’ names will follow their last names. Include all the authors of the publication and do not use et al. For example:

o López, J. A., Pérez-Molina, M., & Ruiz, M. A.

o López, J. A., & Pérez-Molina, M.

• Include the number of the journal volume, if available, and use a comma (,) to separate it from the page range.
• To indicate page ranges, use only the n-dash (–) (Alt+0150). Do not confuse it with the short dash (-), the m-dash (—), or the minus symbol (−) used in mathematical operations.
• When available, include the complete DOI (Digital Object Identifier) in all references, preceded by “DOI:”. Also, the DOI should be included in its long link format (http://dx.doi.org/xxx.xxx.xxx). 
• If the DOI is not available, insert a stable link to an online permanent repository (e.g., that associated with JSTOR) or an institutional repository (e.g., Archive.org), preceded by “URL:.” Do not include links to a personal web page or non-permanent services of file upload/download (e.g., Dropbox, YouSendIt, or similar).
• Add “Anonymous” when the Author of a source is unknown.
• Add n/f when the year of publication is not known.
• Add (Year, Month day) for online resources. That date will correspond to the access date (e.g., 2019, October 24).
• Articles in press will be cited only when strictly necessary; articles should be cited as “in press” or “en prensa” instead of the year. However, only cite articles that are genuinely accejupted or in press. References should not include articles in preparation, submitted, in revision, or conditionally accepted. If necessary, cite these documents in the text as “in litt.”, “pers. comm.” or “unpubl” (followed by date). Do not include these citations in the References. If possible, avoid citing gray literature, such as documents not available through regular sources (online libraries or online databases), which usually correspond to technical or other reports, not published work).

GUIDELINES FOR TABLES AND FIGURES

• Figures should not duplicate information presented in tables and vice versa, or information presented in the text.
• Cite each figure and table in the text, numbering them in order of appearance in the text.
• The words “Table, Tables” would not be abbreviated and will be written in Capital and Lowercase in the text.
• The words “Figure, Figures” would not be abbreviated and will be written in Capital and Lowercase in the text. However, when within parentheses, use “Fig.” for singular and “Figs.” for plural. 
• Cite tables along the text using Arabic numbers in the order of appearance. Examples: Table1. Tables 1–3.
• Place tables after the main text (after Acknowledgements and References), each in its own page, using double space (header, body of table, and footnotes).
• Each table should have a self-explanatory legend, located at the beginning of the page. Use period (.) at the end of the legend. Start with “TABLE 1” (all capital letters). Include only horizontal lines to separate categories and data in the table. 
• Tables should fit in an A4 page, with 2,5 cm (1 inch) margins, using portrait or landscape orientation, using the one that best fits the content.
• Include units in the headers of columns and/or rows, within parentheses. Example: Tarsus length (mm).
• If mandatory, footnotes could be included below the table, using super index Arabic numbers to explain abbreviations or clarifications to the main body of the table. However, any of these aspects should be indicated, preferably as part of the legend.
• Figures should be directly related to the manuscript, its results and discussion. 
• Revista Ecuatoriana de Ornitología publishes color figures at no cost to the authors.
• The term “Figure” refers to any image, including graphics, drawings, illustrations, photographs, and maps.
• All figures should be named and referred to, using Arabic numbers. Start with “FIG. 1” (all capital letters). Write the legend of figures in paragraphs, separated from the figures, on a separate page.
• On first submission, figures should be sent in low resolution, but readable, included as part of the Word manuscript document, after tables. However, once the manuscript is accepted, figures should be sent in high resolution (at least 300 dpi) in *.tiff, *.eps, *.emf, *.bmp, or *.jpeg formats, as separated documents (in exceptional cases, we will accept figures, especially photographs in low resolution).
• Each figure will be placed on its own page, preceded by its legend. Legends should be self-explanatory, without having to make any reference to the text. 
• Line artwork is best prepared using vector-based graphic programs (e.g., Corel Draw, Illustrator, Freehand, Inkscape, ArcView). They are also better presented in EPS format. Do not use lines narrower than 0.3 points.
• Black and white photographs, color photographs, maps, and graphs made in programs based on raster-based programs (e.g., Photoshop, Gimp) should be sent in *.tiff format. For *.tiff files, while the resolution is irrelevant, pixel size is important; a minimum size of 1000 pixels is recommended. 
• Any manuscript that includes a description of a study site should include a map of the site. That figure, should: (1) have a fine line border, (2) be georeferenced with marks of latitude and longitude, and a small inset map indicating the general location, (3) have a scale in km, (4) have a north sign, (5) include reference lines, such as country limits, roads, rivers or elevations, that extends to the border of the figure. Avoid inserted legends and symbols to refer to information that might be described in the figure legend.
• For all figures, use lines 0.3–1.0 points wide, and 12 points font size. 
• All letters and numbers inside the figure should be in Arial font.
• Images can be combined in a bigger composite figure. It will be adjusted to 1 or 2-column width of the journal, or it may even occupy a whole page. Every figure or plate will have just one number, but each element will have its own name by using Capital Letters (e.g., Fig. 5A).
• Remember that figures can be reduced and adjusted to one or two-column width, or the whole A4 page, so all elements in the image need to be big enough to be read after size reduction, especially internal texts and lines.
• Eliminate unnecessary blank spaces around figures.
• Include the respective credits of the figure in the legend. Remember that it is the author’s responsibility to have the necessary permits to reproduce a figure under the Creative Commons License of the journal.

If you use a map as a figure, you will need to cite the source of the map. If possible, use maps that are of public domain or that allow unrestrictive use. If you use Google Earth or Google Maps, please follow Google’s Attribution Guidelines.